Graph Neural Network

Deep Learning

A subset of machine learning using neural networks with multiple layers to learn hierarchical representations of data.

Neural Network

A computing system inspired by biological neural networks, consisting of interconnected nodes that process information in layers.

Convolutional Neural Network

A deep learning architecture designed for processing structured grid data like images, using convolutional filters to detect features.

Recurrent Neural Network

A neural network architecture where connections between nodes form directed cycles, enabling processing of sequential data.

Long Short-Term Memory

A recurrent neural network architecture designed to learn long-term dependencies by using gating mechanisms to control information flow.

Gated Recurrent Unit

A simplified variant of LSTM that combines the forget and input gates into a single update gate.

Transformer

A neural network architecture based entirely on attention mechanisms, eliminating recurrence and enabling parallel processing of sequences.

Attention Mechanism

A neural network component that learns to focus on relevant parts of the input when producing each element of the output.

Encoder-Decoder Architecture

A neural network design where an encoder processes input into a fixed representation and a decoder generates output from it.

Autoencoder

A neural network trained to encode input data into a compressed representation and then decode it back to reconstruct the original.

Variational Autoencoder

A generative model that learns a probabilistic latent space representation, enabling generation of new data samples.

Batch Normalisation

A technique that normalises layer inputs during training to stabilise and accelerate deep neural network learning.

Training a model on a large general dataset before fine-tuning it on a specific downstream task.

A mathematical function applied to neural network outputs to introduce non-linearity, enabling the learning of complex patterns.

A memory optimisation that trades computation for memory by recomputing intermediate activations during the backward pass instead of storing them all during the forward pass.

An architecture where different specialised sub-networks (experts) are selectively activated based on the input.

A problem where gradients grow exponentially during backpropagation, causing unstable weight updates and training failure.

A selective state space model that achieves transformer-level performance with linear-time complexity by incorporating input-dependent selection mechanisms into the recurrence.

A framework where two neural networks compete — a generator creates synthetic data while a discriminator evaluates its authenticity.

An attention mechanism where each element in a sequence attends to all other elements to compute its representation.